Abstract
The Vienna Circle and the Berlin Group were schools of scientific philosophy that fought a common enemy—philosophical idealism and philosophical traditionalism in general. Their historically decisive influence makes it all the more disappointing that their intertwined story has not come down to us with due regard to its complexity. For the received account—that the Vienna Circle directed the scientific philosophy of the 1920s and 1930s—perpetuates an oversimplified picture of a seminal development of twentieth-century Western intellectual history. The fact is that the Berlin Group was an equal partner with the Vienna Circle, albeit one that pursued an itinerary of its own. But while the latter presented its defining projects in readily discernible terms and became immediately popular, the Berlin Group, whose project was at least as significant as that of its Austrian counterpart, remained largely unrecognized. The task of this chapter is to distinguish the Berliners’ work from that of the Vienna Circle and to bring to light its impact in the history of scientific philosophy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Reichenbach’s letter to Heinrich Scholz from 13.10.1931 [HR 013-31-06].
- 2.
For criticism of this term see the last paragraphs of Sect. 1.8.
- 3.
Reichenbach’s letter to Ernst von Aster, June 3, 1935 [HR-013-39-34]. Indeed, the manuscripts submitted to Erkenntnis were to be sent to Berlin, not to Vienna. This is reflected in the fact that on the cover of the first four volumes of the journal, Reichenbach’s name was printed in bigger characters than the name of the official co-editor Carnap.
- 4.
- 5.
Cf. Danneberg and Schernus (1994). We shall speak about this double naming of the Society a little bit later.
- 6.
In order to understand what the predicate “friendly” meant in German philosophy around 1930, we must recall how hostile the relation between, what later were called, continental and analytic philosophers (for example, between Carnap and Heidegger) was.
- 7.
On this point, we agree with Peter Simons that “the way philosophical disputes get decided and the way subsequent history is written depend little on the dialectical strength, adequacy or sophistication of the position posed” (Simons 1997, 442).
- 8.
- 9.
Hempel’s impression, too, was that Grelling “didn’t want to enter a university career. I don’t quite understand why” (Hempel 2000, 6; my italics—N. M.).
- 10.
On Grellings’s work with Leonard Nelson, see Sect. 1.4, below.
- 11.
On the contacts between Grelling and Reichenbach before 1926, see Sect. 1.5.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
A letter of Felix Meiner to Reichenbach from 5.12.33 [HR 013-24-33].
- 15.
Cf. Danneberg and Schernus (1994, 396, n. 26).
- 16.
Cf. Reichenbach’s letter to Heinrich Scholtz from 05.01.1928 [015-41-15].
- 17.
Cf. Gerner (1997, 106).
- 18.
On Alexander Herzberg see Schernus (1994).
- 19.
See Sect. 1.4, below.
- 20.
Cf. Reichenbach’s letter to Philipp Frank of 1.05.29 [HR 014-06-31].
- 21.
Cf. Sect. 1.7, (ii), below.
- 22.
Cf. Leitko (1998, 154).
- 23.
Cf. Sect. 1.7, (ii), below.
- 24.
The Viennese Musil was 1931–33 in Berlin.
- 25.
This sentence in Neurath’s “Remarks” was written by Reichenbach. Cf. Reichenbach’s letter to Otto Neurath of 24.04.1930 [HR 013-41-70].
- 26.
How little this period of the German philosophical thought is known today is clear when we glance in the Routledge Philosophy of Science Encyclopedia in which we read: “What is called philosophy of science today has its roots in both the British and the Austrian tradition … (with Bolzano, Mach, and others)” (Sarkar and Pfeifer 2006, xi).
- 27.
On the influence of Ernst Cassirer on the Berlin Group see the last paragraph of Sect. 1.7, (ii), as well as Chap. 4. It deserves notice that Nelson and Cassirer were engaged in a heated dispute. In 1906 Nelson published a very negative review of Hermann Cohen’s book Logik der reinen Erkenntnis (1902). Cassirer’s answer to Nelson was reciprocally antagonistic.
- 28.
Cf. Peckhaus (1990, 152 f).
- 29.
See Sect. 1.7, (ii), below.
- 30.
Grete Hermann was also active in earlier sessions of the Society. In one of them she claimed that quantum physics can be easily made to agree with determinism; Werner Heisenberg found this idea very interesting (Danneberg and Schernus 1994, 396–7, n. 26).
- 31.
On the history of the Monist Group cf. Herzberg (1928).
- 32.
Cf. Reichenbach (1914). The character of this dispute is to be perhaps better understood with reference to the fact that, in general, Reichenbach had problems with persons that purposivelly strived to influence the public opinion. Typical examples are Otto Neurath and Carl Popper. Leonard Nelson was at least as resolute to exercise influence on society as these two. (I am indebted for this remark to Andreas Kamlah.)
- 33.
Additional information on the conflict between Hermann Lietz and Gustav Wyneken is to be found in Chap. 7.
- 34.
Flavia Padovani, for example, deplores: “The reason why Reichenbach finally veered off to Hensel is not clear” (Padovani 2008, 39).
- 35.
Cf. Carnap (1936, 14).
- 36.
Cf. Thiel (1993).
- 37.
In his Dissertation Reichenbach also discussed Ernst Friedrich Apelt’s Theory of Induction (1854), which appears on Reichenbach’s bibliography. Apelt was student and friend of Fries. In the draft of the dissertation, Reichenbach refers as well to Fries’ Essay in a Critique of the Principles of Calculus of Probability (1842).
- 38.
Cf. Eberhardt and Glymour (2008, 15 ff).
- 39.
Today, this claim is controversial: cf. Friedman and Nordmann (2006).
- 40.
- 41.
Cf. Chap. 8.
- 42.
See also Reichenbach (1947, 127 n).
- 43.
“Diskussion über Wahrscheinlichkeit”, Erkenntnis 1 (1930): 260–85 (Grelling’s contribution is on p. 278).
- 44.
- 45.
Cf. Grelling’s letter to Reichenbach of 28.01.1936 [HR 013-14-04].
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
Cf. Sect. (ii), below.
- 49.
Cf. Reichenbach’s letter to Schlick from 2.01.1933 [HR 013–30–13].
- 50.
See the motto to this chapter.
- 51.
In fact, the only message of Wittgenstein assimilated in Berlin was the thesis that logic is tautological in character.
- 52.
Moreover, Reichenbach showed willingness for “peaceful debates” with “speculative”, or idealistic, philosophers, such like Oskar Becker. See Reichenbach (1931a).
- 53.
- 54.
One piece of evidence is Einstein’s review of Reichenbach’s Philosophy of Space and Time. Cf. Einstein (1928).
- 55.
Cf. Chap. 13. It deserves notice that around 1930, Carnap’s interest in Hilbert radically increased (arguably, under Dubislav’s and Reichenbach’s influence), a development that found expression in his Logical Syntax (1934).
- 56.
- 57.
Italics mine—N. M.
- 58.
Cf. Sect. 1.3, above.
- 59.
This point is confirmed by the fact that Reichenbach referred to Ernst Cassirer (his professor at the University of Berlin), when he spoke about the historical roots of the Berlin Group in Neurath (1930, 312) (cf. n. 25).
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
Moritz Schlick’s letter to Wolfgang Wildenband, 15.03.1931.
- 63.
- 64.
This point has become especially prominent during recent decades (cf. Howard 2000, 75 f.).
- 65.
In contrast to his friend Burton Dreben and his acolytes at Harvard.
- 66.
Preliminary versions of this Chapter were read at the Universities of Bochum, Graz, Pittsburgh and Vancouver. I am grateful for stimulating discussions.
References
Anonymous. 1930. Gesellschaft für empirische philosophie: Berlin. Erkenntnis 1: 72–73.
Ayer, Alfred. 1936. Language, truth, and logic. London: Gollancz.
Blumberg, Albert E., and Helmut Feigl. 1931. Logical positivism. A new movement in European philosophy. Journal of Philosophy 28: 281–296.
Carnap, Rudolf. 1936. Von der Erkenntnistheorie zur Wissenschaftslogik. In Wiener Kreis, ed. Michael Stoeltzner and Thomas Uebel, 260–266. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
Cohen, Hermann. 1902. Logik der reinen Erkenntnis. Berlin: Cassirer.
Dahms, Hans-Joachim. 1994. Positivismusstreit. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Danneberg, Lutz. 1998. Der logische Empirismus der zwanziger und dreißiger Jahre: Rezeption und Ausstrahlung. In Hans Reichenbach: Philosophie im Umkreis der Physik, ed. Hans Poser and Ulrich Dirks, 119–138. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Danneberg, Lutz, and Schernus Wilhelm. 1994. Die Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Philosophie. In Hans Reichenbach und die Berliner Gruppe, ed. Lutz Danneberg et al., 391–481. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Danneberg, Lutz, et al. (eds.). 1994. Hans Reichenbach und die Berliner Gruppe. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Dubislav, Walter. 1926a. Die Fries’sche Lehre von der Begründung: Darstellung und Kritik. Dömitz: Mattig.
Dubislav, Walter. 1926b. Über den sogenannten analytischen und synthetischen Urteile. Berlin: Weiss.
Dubislav, Walter. 1926c. Über die definition. Berlin: Weiss.
Dubislav, Walter. 1927. Über die definition, 2nd ed. Berlin: Weiss.
Dubislav, Walter. 1929a. Zur Methodenlehre des Kritizismus. Langensalza: Beyer & Söhne.
Dubislav, Walter. 1929b. Joseph Petzoldt in memoriam. Annalen der Philosophie 8: 289–295.
Dubislav, Walter. 1929c. Elementarer Nachweis der Widerspruchslosigkeit des Logik-Kalküls. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 161: 107–112.
Dubislav, Walter. 1930. Über den sogenannten Gegenstand der Mathematik. Erkenntnis 1: 27–48.
Dubislav, Walter. 1931. Die definition, 3rd ed. Leipzig: Felix Meiner.
Dubislav, Walter. 1933. Naturphilosophie. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt.
Dubislav, Walter. 1937. Zur Unbegründlichkeit der Forderungssätze. Theoria 3: 330–342.
Eberhardt, F., and C. Glymour. 2008. Introduction. In The concept of probability in the mathematical representation of reality, ed. Hans Reichenbach, and trans. Frederick Eberhardt, and Clark Glymour, 1–36. Chicago: Open Court.
Einstein, Albert. 1928. Hans Reichenbach: Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre. Deutsche Literaturzeitung 1: 19–20.
Ferrari, Massimo. 2008. Moritz Schlick in Wien: Die Wende der Philosophie. In Moritz Schlick: Leben, Werk und Wirkung, ed. Fynn O. Engler and Mathias Iven, 91–113. Berlin: Parerga.
Franke, Holger. 1991. Leonard Nelson. Ammersbek bei Hamburg: Verlag an der Lottbek.
Friedman, Michael. 1992. Kant and the exact sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Friedman, Michael. 1999. Reconsidering logical positivism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Friedman, Michael. 2005. Ernst Cassirer and contemporary philosophy of science. Angelaki 10: 119–128.
Friedman, Michael, and Alfred Nordmann (eds.). 2006. The Kantian legacy in nineteenth-century science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gabriel, Gottfried. 2004. Introduction: Carnap brought home. In Carnap brought home. The view from Jena, ed. S. Awodey and C. Klein, 3–23. Chicago: Open Court.
Gerner, Karin. 1997. Hans Reichenbach: Sein Leben und Wirken. Osnabrück: Autorenpress.
Giere, Ronald. 1996. From wissenschaftliche philosophie to philosophy of science. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 16: 335–354.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter. 2003. Theory and reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Grelling, Kurt. 1910. Die philosophische Grundlagen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Abhandlungen der Fries’schen Schule 3: 439–478.
Grelling, Kurt. 1929. Realism and logic: An investigation in Russell’s metaphysics. The Monist 39: 501–520.
Grelling, Kurt. 1930. Die Philosophie der Raum–Zeit-Lehre. Philosophischer Anzeiger 4: 101–128.
Grelling, Kurt. 1933. Bemerkungen zu Dubislav, Die Definition. Erkenntnis 3: 189–200.
Grelling, Kurt. 1939. A logical theory of dependence. In Foundations of gestalt theory, ed. Barry Smith 1988, 217–228. München: Philosophia.
Grelling, Kurt, and Paul Oppenheim. 1937/1938. Der Gestaltbegriff im Lichte der neuen Logik. Erkenntnis 7: 211–225. 357–359.
Grelling, Kurt, and Paul Oppenheim. 1939. Logical analysis of ‘Gestalt’ as ‘functional Whole’. In Foundations of gestalt theory, ed. Barry Smith, 210–216. Philosophia: München.
Haller, Rudolf, and Stadler Friedrich (eds.). 1993. Wien–Berlin–Prag. Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie. Wien: Hölder–Pichler–Tempsky.
Hardcastle, Gary. 2006. Logical empiricism. In The philosophy of science: An encyclopedia, ed. Sahotra Sarkar and Jessica Pfeifer, 458–465. London: Routledge.
Hempel, Carl. 1951. General system theory: A new approach to unity of science. Human Biology 23: 313–322.
Hempel, Carl. 1991. Hans Reichenbach remembered. Erkenntnis 35: 5–10.
Hempel, Carl. 2000. Intellectual autobiography—The interview with Richard Nollan. In Science, explanation, and rationality, ed. James H. Fetzer, 3–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hentschel, Klaus. 1991. Die Korrespondenz Petzold-Reichenbach. Berlin: ERS.
Herzberg, Lily. 1928. Die philosophischen Hauptströmungen im Monistenbund. Annalen der Philosophie 7: 113–135. 177–199.
Hilbert, David. 1900. Mathematical problems. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 8: 437–479.
Hoffmann, D. 1994. Zur Geschichte der Berliner ‘Gesellschaft für empirische/wissenschaftliche Philosophie’. In Hans Reichenbach und die Berliner Gruppe, ed. Lutz Danneberg et al., 21–31. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Hoffmann, D. 2007. The society for empirical/scientific philosophy. In Cambridge companion to logical empiricism, ed. Alan Richardson and Thomas Uebel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Howard, Don. 2000. Two left turns make a right: On the curious political career of North American philosophy of science at midcentury. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 18: 25–93.
Iven, Mathias. 2008. Moritz Schlick. Die frühen Jahre (1881–1907). Berlin: Paregra.
Joergensen, Joergen. 1951. The development of logical empiricism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaila, Eino S. 1930. Der logistische neupositivismus. Eine kritische studie. Turku: Annales Universitatis Fennicae Aboensis.
Kitcher, Philipp. 2001. Carl Hempel. In A companion to analytic philosophy, ed. A.P. Martinich and D. Sosa, 148–159. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leitko, Hubert. 1987. Wissenschaft in Berlin. Berlin: Dietz.
Leitko, Hubert. 1998. Wissenschaft in Berlin um 1930. In Hans Reichenbach: Philosophie im Umkreis der Physik, ed. Hans Poser and Ulrich Dirks, 139–155. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Lewin, Kurt. 1920. Die verwandtschaftsbegriffe in biologie und physik und die darstellung vollständiger stammbäume. Berlin: Bornträger.
Lewin, Kurt. 1925. Über Idee und Aufgabe der Vergleichenden Wissenschaftstheorie. Symposion 1: 61–93.
Luchins, Abraham S., and Edith H. Luchins. 2000. Kurt Grelling: Steadfast scholar in a time of madness. Gestalt Theory 22: 228–281.
Mayer, Verena. 1991. Die Konstruktion der Erfahrungswelt—Carnap und Husserl. Erkenntnis 35: 287–304.
McMullin, Ernan. 1970. The history and philosophy of science: A taxonomy. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5: 12–67.
Milkov, Nikolay. 2002. The joint philosophical program of Russell and Wittgenstein (March–November 1912) and its downfall. Contributions of the Austrian Wittgenstein Society 10: 60–62.
Milkov, Nikolay. 2003. L. Susan Stebbing’s criticism of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 10: 351–363.
Milkov, Nikolay. 2005. Russell studies in Germany today. The Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly 125(6): 35–47.
Milkov, Nikolay. 2011. Anmerkungen des Herausgebers. In Ziele und Wege der heutigen Naturphilosophie: Fünf Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftstheorie, ed. Hans Reichenbach and N. Milkov, 147–158. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
Moran, Dermot (ed.). 2008. The Routledge companion to twentieth century philosophy. London: Routledge.
Mulder, Henk. 1968. Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis. Journal of the History of Philosophy 6: 386–390.
Neurath, Otto. 1929. The Vienna circle of the scientific conception of the world. In Empiricism and sociology, ed. Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen, 301–318. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Neurath, Otto. 1930. Historische Anmerkungen. Erkenntnis 1: 311–314.
Neurath, Otto. 1931. Physikalismus. Scientia 50: 297–303.
Neurath, Otto. 1931b. Physicalism: The philosophy of the Viennese circle. The Monist 41: 618–623.
Neurath, Otto. 1932. Protocol sentences. In Logical positivism, ed. Alfred J. Ayer, 199–208. New York: Free Press.
Neurath, Otto. 1936. Die Entwicklung des Wiener Kreises und die Zukunft des logischen Empirismus. In ibid., Gesammelte philosophische Schriften, 2 vols., ed. Rudolf Haller et al., 673–702. Wien: Hölder–Pichler–Tempsky.
Oppenheim, Paul. 1926. Die natürliche Ordnung der Wissenschaften: Grundgesetze der vergleichenden Wissenschaftslehre. Jena: Fischer.
Padovani, Flavia. 2008. Probability and causality in the early works of Hans Reichenbach, Ph.D. dissertation, Geneva: University of Geneva.
Peckhaus, Volker. 1990. Hilbertprogramm und kritische Philosophie: das Göttinger Modell interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Mathematik und Philosophie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Peckhaus, Volker. 1994. Von Nelson zu Reichenbach: Kurt Grelling in Göttingen und Berlin. In Hans Reichenbach und die Berliner Gruppe, ed. Lutz Danneberg et al., 53–86. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Peckhaus, Volker. 2003. The pragmatism of Hilbert’s programme. Synthese 137: 141–156.
Petzäll, Åke. 1931. Logistischer Positivismus: Versuch einer Darstellung und Würdigung der philosophischen Grundanschauungen des sog. Wiener Kreises der wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift 37: 3. 36 pages.
Poser, Hans, and Ulrich Dirks (eds.). 1998. Hans Reichenbach: Philosophie im Umkreis der Physik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Putnam, Hilary. 1991. Reichenbach’s Metaphysical picture. Erkenntnis 35: 61–75.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1914. Zum Lietzschen Vortragsabend. Göttinger Akademische Wochenschau 10:5 (12.06.), 38.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1920. The theory of relativity and a priori knowledge. Trans. Maria Reichenbach. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1928a. Philosophie der Raum–Zeit Lehre. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1928b. [Russell:] An early appreciation. In Bertrand Russell: Philosopher of the century, ed. Ralph Schoenman, 129–133. London: Allen & Unwin.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1929. Bertrand Russell. In Obelisk Almanach, 82–92. Berlin and Munich: Drei-Masken Verlag.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1930. Zur Einführung. Erkenntnis 1: 1–3.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1931a. Zum Anschaulichkeitsproblem der Geometrie. Erkenntnis 2: 61–72.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1931b. Ziele und Wege der heutigen Naturphilosophie. Leipzig: Felix Meiner.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1932. Wahrscheinlichkeitslogik. Sonderausgabe der Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 29: 471–490.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1936a. Logical empiricism in Germany and the present state of its problems. The Journal of Philosophy 33: 141–160.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1936b. Ansprache bei der Begrüßung der Pariser Kongresses. In Actes de congrès international de philosophie scientifique. Paris 1035, Tome I: Philosophie scientifique et empirisme logique, 16–18. Paris: Hermann.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1938. Experience and prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of symbolic logic. New York: The Free Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1951. The rise of scientific philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1953. Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie. Trans. Maria Reichenbach. Berlin: Herbig.
Reichenbach, Hans. 2006. Defending Einstein: Hans Reichenbach’s writings on space, time, and motion, ed. Steven Gimbel and Anke Walz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rescher, Nicholas. 1966. The logic of commands. London: Routledge.
Rescher, Nicholas. 1997. H2O: Hempel–Helmer–Oppenheim: An episode in the history of scientific philosophy in the 20th century. Philosophy of Science 64: 334–360.
Rescher, Nicholas. 2005. The Berlin school of logical empiricism and its legacy. In Studies in 20th century philosophy, ed. Nicholas Rescher, 119–148. Ontos: Frankfurt.
Richardson, Alan, and Thomas Uebel. 2007. Cambridge companion to logical empiricism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Salmon, Wesley. 1999. The spirit of logical empiricism: Carl G. Hempel’s role in twentieth-century philosophy of science. Philosophy of Science 66: 333–350.
Salmon, Wesley. 2001. Logical empiricism. In A companion to the philosophy of science, ed. W.H. Newton-Smith, 233–251. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sarkar, Sahotra, and Pfeifer Jessica. 2006. The philosophy of science: An introduction. In The philosophy of science: An encyclopedia, ed. Sahotra Sarkar and Pfeifer Jessica, xi–xxvi. London: Routledge.
Sarkar, Sahotra, and Jessica Pfeifer (eds.). 2006. The philosophy of science: An encyclopedia. London: Routledge.
Schernus, Wilhelm. 1994. Alexander herzberg: Psychologie, medizin und wissenschaftliche philosophie. In Hans Reichenbach und die Berliner Gruppe, ed. Lutz Danneberg et al., 33–51. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Schlick, Moritz. 1918. Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre. Berlin: Springer.
Schlick, Moritz. 1930. Die Wende der Philosophie. Erkenntnis 1: 4–11.
Simons, Peter. 1997. Review of Kush, Psychologism. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48: 439–443.
Smith, Barry (ed.). 1988. Foundations of Gestalt theory. München: Philosophia.
Smith, Barry. 1997. The Neurath–Haller thesis: Austria and the rise of scientific philosophy. In Austrian philosophy past and present, ed. Keith Lehrer and Johann C. Marek, 1–20. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Stadler, Friedrich. 1991. Aspects of the social background and position of the Vienna circle at the University of Vienna. In Rediscovering the forgotten Vienna circle, ed. Thomas Uebel, 51–77. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Stadler, Friedrich. 1997. Studien zum Wiener Kreis. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Stebbing, Susan. 1933. Logical positivism and analysis. Proceedings of the British Academy 19: 53–87.
Stölzner, Michael. 2001. Die Kausalitätsdebatte in den Naturwissenschaften. Zu einem Milieuproblem in Formans These. In Wissenschaft: Transformationen im Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Alltag, ed. H. Franz, 85–128. Bielefeld: Institut für Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung.
Stölzner, Michael. 2002. How metaphysical is ‘deepening the foundations’?—hahn and frank on Hilbert’s axiomatic method. Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 9: 245–262.
Stumpf, Carl. 1892. Über den Begriff der mathematischen Wahrscheinlichkeit. Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 20: 37–120.
Thiel, Christian. 1993. Carnap und die wissenschaftliche Philosophie auf der Erlanger Tagung 1923. In Wien–Berlin–Prag Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie, ed. Rudolf Haller and Stadler Friedrich, 175–188. Wien: Hölder–Pichler–Tempsky.
van Fraassen, Bas. 2002. The empirical stance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
von Aster, Ernst. 1913. Prinzipien der Erkenntnislehre. München: Quelle & Meyer.
Wittmann, Simone. 1998. Das Frühwerk Kurt Lewins. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Milkov, N. (2013). The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle: Affinities and Divergences. In: Milkov, N., Peckhaus, V. (eds) The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism. Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, vol 273. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5485-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5485-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5484-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5485-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)